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APTA Metro Review: Raise Fares, Consolidate Service, Charge For Parking

Metro's APTA review makes a lot of recommendations can balance the agency ... Photo via Wikimedia
Metro's APTA review recommends how the agency can best prioritize services for low income bus riders. Photo via Wikimedia
L.A.'s transit workhorse: the Metro bus. Photo via Wikimedia

When the Metro board approved fare hikes last May, it also directed Metro to engage experts from the American Public Transportation Association (APTA) to study Metro's fares and look into other revenue strategies. APTA experts completed their review recently, and presented their findings at last week's Metro board meeting. Though the APTA review recommended approving Metro's proposed fare increases, many of their findings contrast somewhat with present Metro policies.

The review sheds light on many Metro revenue practices, from fares to parking, and what their implications are regarding serving low-income riders. More details are available at the full review [PDF]; Metro's summary [PDF], audio from last week's board discussion (item 56 here), and The Source.

Metro Fares

Auditors characterized Metro's challenges as "meeting state of good repair costs, which are going up as the system ages," and paying down a "long term and growing debt service burden [due to] building out the system capital expansion program." To meet these, the APTA panel recommended that Metro approve two proposed 25-cent fare increases, to take effect in 2017 and 2020. In addition, APTA recommended that Metro approve ongoing fare modification to match inflation, as reflected by the Consumer Price Index (CPI.)

The review also supported raising Metro's student fare, which is currently frozen. APTA recommends that Metro partner with colleges and others to help offset the costs of student discounts. During the board discussion, though not explicitly mentioned in the review, one panelist suggested Metro consider adopting one practice used by other transit agencies: offering a discount fare for youth (such as up to age 18) that is not necessarily dependent on student status.

The review recommended consolidation of all of Metro's discounts - senior, student/youth, and low-income - into a single discounted fare product. Means-testing for this (deciding who qualifies for discounts) could be done in conjunction with other governmental programs, such as school free lunch programs and/or utility discounts, thereby lessening administrative burdens for Metro and its patrons.

The review recommended trip-based discounts over time-based discounts. Low income riders are better served by, for example, a ten-trip pass than a weekly or monthly unlimited pass. Citing a New York study, the APTA panel noted that thirty-day passes tend to benefit higher-income riders. For example, even transit-dependent riders sometimes get rides in a car, possibly at times when Metro service is lacking. With trip-based discounts, these non-Metro trips save a Metro fare, and hence wouldn't effectively count against a time-based unlimited pass. 

The review also recommended that Metro adopt distance-based fares. Generally, a single fare for all trips regardless of distance tends to benefit higher income riders, who, on average, tend to take longer transit trips than lower income riders. Having to pay more for longer trips thus can remedy inequities currently experienced where, to an extent, lower income riders are subsidizing higher income riders. Metro CEO Art Leahy noted that Metro's average bus trip is three miles long, while its average rail trip is twelve miles - and that this disparity is expected to become greater with the opening of the Regional Connector, which will make longer no-transfer rail rides even easier. Historically this has been difficult to administer, but, especially with all rail/BRT trips requiring electronic fare via TAP card, distance-based fares on Metro rail appear to be feasible and fair.

Overall, the review cautioned against too much focus on discounted fares. With 80 to 85 percent of Metro riders classified as low income, discounting one group of riders on the back of another means having low-income riders subsidize those who have only a slightly higher income.

Metro Operations

The APTA review recommended "more frequent service on a more sparse network, with wider stop spacing." This would likely include decreasing service on low-demand lines and moving those resources to increase frequency on high-demand routes. Leahy echoed this recommendation, recalling that Metro had tried to address overcrowding on Vermont Avenue buses by adding more buses, only to find that overcrowding continued because Metro riders were willing to walk further to take advantage of the increased frequency of service on Vermont Avenue.

The review also called for a greater load factor (more crowded buses), fewer bus stops, and eliminating service that overlaps with municipal operators.

Metro's La Cienega Expo Line Station parking lot: 476 spaces, all free, all the time
APTA recommends Metro raise revenue by charging for parking. Photo by Eric Bruins: Metro's Culver City Expo Line Station parking lot: 476 spaces, all free, all the time
Though the Expo Culver City park-and-ride lot is now closed, Expo Line ridership has continued to grow. Photo by Eric Bruins

Other Metro Revenue

The lion's share of alternative revenue sources focused on parking. The review states what SBLA readers already know: "Station parking is expensive to build and maintain" and "[parking] costs should be partially recovered to avoid giving park-and-ride customers the largest subsidies, to increase agency revenues, and to effectively manage parking supply."

Auditors were clear that parking costs are context sensitive. There is no need for Metro to try to stick to a one-size-fits-all strategy, but parking should be priced at different amounts at different locations at different times of the day. The panel recommended that Metro consider outsourcing parking management to private parking companies with experience in optimizing usage and revenue.

Boardmember and Los Angeles City Councilmember Paul Krekorian questioned the APTA experts about how to strike the proper balance regarding parking at San Fernando Valley rail stations, including North Hollywood.

APTA panel member Michael Connelley, of the Chicago Transit Authority, responded that easy parking encourages driving that first/last mile, and that it would be better to re-direct parking resources to instead fund convenient, frequent bus service. He also recommended that stations would be better served in the long run if parking were replaced by mini-village transit-oriented development. APTA panel member Brian D. Taylor, of UCLA, further responded that park-and-ride subsidizes higher income riders, decreases transit's air quality benefits, and that charging would help the agency's bottom line, with revenues available even to build more parking if the demand indicates.

Additional recommendations for revenue were fairly limited, and none was as relevant as fares or parking. However, one suggestion for raising additional revenue was to rent station space for automated dispensing machines, such as ATMs, at transit stations.

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